014-SLLR-SLLR-1981-1-RANASINGHE-v.-THE-CEYLON-STATE-MORTGAGE-BANK.pdf
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Ranasinghe v. Ceylon State Mortgage Bank
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RANASINGHE
v.THE CEYLON STATE MORTGAGE BANK
SUPREME COURT.
SAMARAKOON, C. J., ISMAIL. X. SHARVANANOA. X. WANASUNDERA, J.ANOWIMALARATNE, X
S.C. No. 46/80—C. A. (S.C.) APPLICATION 325/72-O.C. KANDY 9588/L.
APRIL 6. 7, 1981.
Declaratory Judgement—Determination by bank to redeem property sold underhypothecary decree—Vesting order published by Minister of Finance—Declarationsought challenging power of bank to make determination— Objection to jurisdiction ofDistrict Court—Whether it has jurisdiction to review order of inferior tribunal—Determination by a statutory authority—Whether District Court empowered to makesuch a declaration under section 217 1C) of Civil Procedure Code—Objections toapplication for redemption taken under section 70 (Bj 15j of Act No. 33 of 1968 andsection 23 of Interpretation (Amendment) Act, No. 18 of 1972—Whether Courtsprecluded from questioning bank's determination—Ceylon State Mortgage Bank Act,(Cap. 398) as amended by Act No. 33 of 1968, sections 10 (B) (2) (1) (a), 70 (B) (2)(11 (a). 71 (2) (b).
The plaintiff purchased at a public auction held in execution of a hypothecarydecree entered against one A, the premises described in the schedule to the plaint. Anapplication was made for the redemption of the property by A to the State MortgageBank under the provisions of Act No. 33 of 1968 which amended the State MortgageBank Act (Cap. 398). Despite objections taken by the plaintiff on the ground that thebank was precluded from entertaining the application for redemption by reason of theprovisions of section 70 (8) (2) (1) (a) and section 10 (B) (2) (1) (a) a determination toredeem the property was made by the bank. The plaintiff's objection was based on thefact that A was disqualified from obtaining relief under the act as his income exceededthat laid down in the section.
This action was filed by the plaintiff in the District Court challenging the power ofthe bank to make such a determination. A preliminary issue was heard as regards thejurisdiction of the District Court to hear and determine this action and the learnedDistrict Judge held that he had jurisdiction. On appeal, the Court of Appeal holding thatthe District Court had no supervisory jurisdiction over a determination by the bank andthat the proper remedy was to invoke the jurisdiction of the Appellate Court byway ofwrit of certiorari, allowed the appeal. The Court of Appeal took the view that theoriginal Court cannot by means of a declaratory order review the decisions of inferiorbodies unless such power is expressly conferred by statute.
Held (Wimalaratne, J. dissenting)
The plaintiff was entitled in law to maintain an action for a declaration. Section217 (G) of the Civil Procedure Code permits a declaratory judgment without grantingany substantive relief for remedy and a declaration granted under these provisionscannot correctly be termed a "supervisory order" inasmuch as there is no order in thefirst place; and secondly it is not a judgment that the machinery of the law could
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enforce. If the term "supervisory" in reference to a declaratory judgment is intended Iddescribe the function of review which is a process that must necessarily take place beforea Court pronounces upon the legality or otherwise of a decision of a body such as aninferior tribunal then such exercise is not forbidden by law.
An objection taken on behalf of the Bank under the provisions of section 70 (Bl (6)of the amending Act No. 33 of 1968 that clauses (a) and (b) precluded the District Court'from entertaining this action could not be sustained, as the proceedings before the Bankwere now complete and clause (a) did not therefore apply; and as far as clause (b) wasconcerned the matter that now arises for decision was the fundamental question as towhether the property was one which the bank wes authorised to acquire and if the bankhad no power to make such a determination acquisition would be of no effect in lawto vest title in the bank. Further the validity of the acquisition could only be questionedin a properly constituted action to question the vesting order made by the Minister ofFinance.
The provisions of section 23 of the Interpretation (Amendment) Act, No. 18 of1972, do not prohibit the District Courfhom making a declaration such as that soughtby the plaintiff as his attack is on the very jurisdiction of the bank to make thedetermination and that the bank was not empowered to make the impugned order. Ifthis wes so, the order of the Bank is a nullity.
Thiagarajah v. Karthigesu, (1966) 69 N.L.R. 73.
Perera v. The People’s Bank, (1975) 78 N.L.R. 239.
Leo v. Land Commissioner, (1955) 57 N.L.R. 178.
The Land Commissioner v. Ladamuttu Pillai, (I960) 62 N.L.R. 169; (1960)3W.L.R. 526
Singho Mahatmaya v. The Land Commissioner, (1964) 66N.L.R. 94.
16) Healey v. Minister of Health, (1955) 1 a8 221; (1954) 3 W.I .R 222; (1954)2AIIE.R. 580.
Barnard v. National Dock Labour Board, (1953) 2 Q.B. 18; (1953)1AH E.R. 1113;(1953) 2 W.L.R. 995.
Ibeneweka v. Egbuna, (1964) 1 W.L.R. 219; 108Sol. Jo. 114.
Imperial Tobacco Co. Ltd. v. Attorney-General. (1979) 2 W.L.R. 805; (1979)2AIIE.R. 592.
Attorney-General v. Sabaratnam, (1955) 57 N.L.R. 481.
Anisminlc v. Foreign Compensation Commission, (1959) 2 AC. 147; (1969)2 W.LR. 163; (1969) 2 All E. R. 1128.
Ex parte Jolliffe, (1873)42 L.J.Q.B. 121.28L.T. 132, (1873) L.R. 8 Q.B. 134.
Application of A. W. Shaw (1860-62) Ram. Reps. 118.
In the matter of the application of John Ferguson, (1874) 1 N.L.R. 181.
King v. Samaraweera, (1917) 19 N.L.R. 433
(10) Attorney-General v. Chanmugam, (1967) 71 N.L.R. 78.
(17) Dyson v. Attorney-General, (1911) 1 KB 410.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Court of Appeei reported in (1980) 2 Sri l_R. 11.
V. S. A. PuHenayagam. with F. Mustapha. Miss M. Kanapathipillei and Miss D.IMjesundera, for the plaintiff-appellant.
H. L. de SUse, with S. Snares*. J. Joseph and A 0. deAlwis, for the defendant-respondent.
Cur. adv. vult
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Ranasinghe v. Ceylon State Mortgage Bank (Samarakoon; CJJ
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July 7,1981.
SAMARAKOON, C. J.
This Court has granted the plaintiff-appellant leave to appeal ona question of law. The facts are as follows:
One Sunil Subasiri Abeysundera was at one time the owner ofthe premises described in the schedule to the plaint. It was sold inexecution of a hypothecary decree entered against him and waspurchased by the plaintiff at the public auction held in executionof the decree. Subsequently Abeysundera made an applicationto the People's Bank requesting the bank to acquire the propertyunder the provisions of Part VIII of the Finance Act, No. 11 of1963, The plaintiff objected to this application on the ground thatthe bank was not empowered to acquire the property andtherefore such acquisition would contravene the provisions ofsection 71 (2) (b) of the said Act. We are informed that thereafterthe bank took no steps to proceed with the matter. In the year1968 Abeysundera took advantage of the provisions of Act 33of 1968 which amended the State Mortgage Bank Act, No. 16of 1931 (Cap. 398), and made an application for the redemptionof the said property. The plaintiff objected to this application too,stating that the bank was precluded from entertaining the saidapplication by reason of the provisions of section 70 (B) (2) (1)
of the Act and the provisions of section 10 (B) (2) (1) (a) ofthe Act because Abeysundera was in receipt of an income of overten thousand rupees during the 3 years immediately preceding hisapplication, which fact disqualified him from relief under the Act.Nevertheless the bank made a determination to redeem theproperty. The plaintiff then instituted this action in the DistrictCourt against the bank challenging its power to make such adetermination. An issue which challenged the jurisdiction of theDistrict Court to hear and determine this action raised by the bankwas taken up for hearing as a preliminary issue and the DistrictJudge ruled against the bank. On appeal to the Court of Appealthat Court held that the District Court had no supervisoryjurisdiction over the decision of the bank and allowed the appeal.The Court of Appeal was of opinion that the proper remedy wasto invoke the supervisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court byway of writ of certiorari as the original Court cannot by means ofa declaratory order review the decisions of inferior bodies unlesssuch power is expressly conferred by statute.
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At the hearing counsel for the bank submitted that theprovisions of section 70 (B) (5) of the Amending Act No. 33 of1968 precluded the District Court from entertaining the action.That section reads as follows:
"(5) No civil court shall entertain any action —
in respect of any matter which is pending before thebank relating to any acquisition to be made underthis Chapter; or
in respect of the validity of the procedure followedby the bank relating to such acquisition, or to thevalidity of such acquisition.”
Sub-section 6 of this section provides that the question whetherany premises which the bank is authorized to acquire should orshould not be acquired shall be determined by the bank whichdetermination is final and conclusive and shall not be called inquestion in any court. We are not called on at this stage to decideany question with regard to the finality of the decision of thebank. The submission of counsel of the bank only involves theapplication of sub-sections (a) and {b) of the section. It iscommon ground that pursuant to the determination of the bankthe Minister of Finance by Vesting Order No. 9 of 14.07.1970published in Government Gazette No. 14,914/9 of 16.07.1970vested the property in the bank. At date of action proceedingsbefore the bank were complete and the matter was not pendingbefore the bank. The provisions of section 70 (B) (5) (a) aretherefore not relevant now. The provisions of section 70 (B) (5)
are also not applicable. The validity of the acquisition can onlybe questioned by a properly constituted action to question thevesting by the Minister of Finance. The bank took no action to,and in fact, could not, vest the property in itself. Furthermore thequestion that arises now for decision is not a matter concerningprocedure but a fundamental question as to whether the propertywas one which the bank was authorized to acquire. If the bankhad no power to determine to acquire the property in questionacquisition is of no effect in law to vest title in the bank. Theprovisions of section 70 (B) (5) cannot avail the bank now.
Counsel for the respondent contended that the District Courthad no jurisdiction to entertain this application as it invoked an
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appellate jurisdiction which the District Court clearly did notpossess. Section 217(G) of the Civil Procedure Court permits aDistrict Court to "declare a right or status”, "without affordingany substantive relief or remedy". Jurisdiction is conferred by theprovisions of the Courts Ordinance (Cap. VI). Section 62 of thatOrdinance, which is only a re-enactment of the Charter of 1833,
confers on District Courts "original jurisdiction in all civil
mattersand in any other matter in which jurisdiction has
heretofore been, is now, or may hereafter be given to the DistrictCourts by law". This dispute in this case is purely a civil matterconcerning a dispute arising out of a denial of a right to propertywhich gives a cause of action within the meaning of section 5 ofthe Civil Procedure Code. The District Court therefore had rightlyentertained this application. Whether it should grant such adeclaration is quite another matter. The limitations upon suchdeclaratory power are dealt with in the judgment of Fernando,S. P. J. in Thiagarajah v. Karthigesu (1).
Lastly it has been contended that the District Court cannotgrant the declaration prayed for in the plaint because it has nosupervisory jurisdiction to seek to remedy a judicial or quasijudicial determination made by a Statutory Authority—in thiscase the bank. The Court of Appeal has upheld this contention. Ithas followed the decision in Perera v. The People's Bank{2). Thefacts of the case are as follows: The plaintiff-appellant in that casewas the title-holder by purchase of a land sold on a hypothecarydecree against the 3rd defendant-respondent. The 2nd defendant-respondent was the Secretary of the Land Redemption Branch ofthe People's Bank. The bank acting under the provisions of section71 of the Finance Act, No. 11 of 1963, was satisfied that the landwas sold or transferred in terms of,* and subject to the limitationslaid down by, that section. It therefore notified the plaintiff -appellant of its decision. The plaintiff-appellant instituted anaction in the District Court of Colombo praying for a declarationthat the bank had no authority to make the proposed acquisition.A preliminary issue had been raised as to whether the Court hadjurisdiction to try the case because the remedy was by way of writand not by way of declaration in a regular action. The trial Judgehad decided against the plaintiff-appellant. The appeal was heardby three Judges of the Supreme Court. Sirimane, J. was notdisposed to follow the English practice. He held that the"appropriate remedy (was) by way of certiorari and not by regularaction". His reasoning is as follows:
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"In cases such as this where a statutory authority actsjudicially in arriving at a determination in terms of that statute,I am of the view that where it is sought to question or challengethe validity of such determination the appropriate (and notmerely the more appropriate) remedy is by way of writ ofcertiorari. Even apart from the fact that the Court isundoubtedly exercising a supervisory jurisdiction in suchmatters, the declaratory action in this country is not aprocedure that is conducive to an expeditious decision of such adispute. When the legislature entrusts a statutory authority tomake determinations in accordance with that statute for thepurpose of achieving the aims for which such statute wasenacted, it is essential that any dispute touching such adetermination should be expeditiously disposed of one way oranother so that such authority may act or refrain from actingin such matters. If however such statutory determinations aremade the subject of a regular declaratory action the inevitabledelay in such a procedure may well completely defeat thepurposes of such statute. The instant case affords a goodexample of such a situation. The determination that is beingquestioned in this case was meant by the terms of the statuteunder which it was made to enable a debtor in difficultcircumstances to redeem through the People's Bank hisproperty that was sold against him on a mortgage decree. Theproperty in this case was sold about 24.05.61 and in consequenceof a determination under the Finance Act 11 of 1963 thisaction was filed in April 1964 and the preliminary issue decidedin the District Court in February 1970. We are now in 1975-over 11 years after the action was instituted. The remedy byway of writ on the other hand would be much more expeditious.I am therefore in respectful agreement with the decisionfollowed by the learned Trial Judge above referred to that theappropriate remedy of the plaintiff was by way of an applicationfor a writ of certiorari."
From this statement I deduce two basic reasons:
The District Court is "undoubtedly exercising asupervisory jurisdiction".
A declaratory action causes undue delay and thereforeprevents expeditious disposal of the dispute. The remedyby way of writ of certiorari "would be much moreexpeditious".
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For these two reasons he concludes that the remedy by way ofcertiorari is the appropriate (and not merely the more appropriate)remedy. In this context the use of the word "appropriate" canonly mean "proper" or "suitable". One cannot but concur withthe second reason in the light of the facts of that case. But is it nota statement of policy? I know of no law in Sri Lanka which statesthat the expeditious disposal of a case should guide a litigant indeciding the form in which and the Court in which his actionshould be filed. Nor does the law state that such considerationsshould guide a court in deciding whether it is to entertain anaction or not. If prudence be the guide, then no doubt suchconsiderations will hold sway. The law does not however lay downsuch a condition. This second reason of Sirimane, J. is therefore astatement of policy applicable to the administration of justice.It is not a statement of the law.
The first reason given by Sirimane, J. has not been amplifiedand we do not therefore have the benefit of the reasoning behindit. However there is a clue to it in that he states the District Judgewas "right in answering the preliminary issue against the plaintiff-appellant" following the decisions in three earlier cases, it isnecessary therefore to examine these earlier cases.
The first of these cases is the case of Leo v. Land Commissioner
. There the Land Commissioner purporting to act under theprovisions of the Land Redemption Ordinance, No. 61 of 1942,which empowered him to redeem agricultural property sold on ahypothecary decree, sought to acquire premises which consisted of"a substantial dwelling house, a brick wall, a temporary latrine anda garden containing 181 coconut trees and several plantainbushes." The purchaser had made considerable improvements tothe premises at a cost of Rs. 20,000 to render it fit for residenceby him. The Supreme Court held that it was manifestly notagricultural land and therefore the Land Commissioner had actedin excess of his jurisdiction. The order was quashed by writ ofcertiorari. The application in Leo's case was for a writ of certiorariwhich is clearly a supervisory jurisdiction. There is no statement inthe judgment which categorically deals with the applicability oravailability of a mere declaratory decree nor even a discussion ofthe subject. However I find a statement which seems to suggestthat another remedy has to be resorted to when the disputeevolves round a question of fact about which there is a conflict ofevidence. Gratiaen, J. states at page 182:
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" If upon the facts, the excess of jurisdication is manifest, orif the evidence before the superior Court is plainly insufficientto justify a conclusion that the limited jurisdication has notbeen exceeded, certiorari will lie. On the other hand, thedispute may turn on a question of feet about which there is aconflict of evidence: in that even the Court will generallydecline to interfere by way of certiorari leaving it open to theaggrieved party to challenge the jurisdication of an inferiortribunal in a regular action where the issue can be moreconveniently disposed of."
He does not however refer to a declaratory decree.
The next case is the Privy Council decision in LadamuttuPillai v. The Land Commissioner (4). The plaintiff in this casesought a declaration in the District Court of Colombo that theLand Commissioner had no power to acquire the land which wasthe subject of the dispute as he was a bona fide purchaser forvalue. He also asked for an injunction restraining the LandCommissioner from acquiring the land. The District Judge has inhis answer to issue 4 stated that "the question of law whether theLand Commissioner had authority to acquire a particular land issubject to review by the District Court but his decision on facts isfinal". The Privy Council ordered the restoration of the Order ofthe District Court and the dismissal of the action because it heldthat on the facts established the land could be acquired under theprovisions of the Land Redemption Ordinance. In regard to theconstitution of the action it had this to say:
"While their Lordships must reserve their opinion upon thequestion (which in view of the conclusions reached by theirLordships does not immediately arise) as to whether incircumstances such as those in the present cause any injunctionagainst the Attorney-General could or ought to be granted theirLordships consider that if the authority of a Land Commissionerto make a determination under section 3 of the LandDevelopment Ordinance is challenged the appropriate procedureis by way of an application for certiorari (see Leo v. LandCommissioner (1955) (57 N.L.R. 178)). The Land Commissioneras the judicial tribunal the validity of whose action is beingtested may then conveniently be brought before the higherCourt so that if necessary his decision or order may be broughtup and quashed. If in some particular case it can be shown that
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a determination has not been within the competence of a LandCommissioner and if an application is made which results in anorder to bring up and quash his determination then thedifficulties which the present proceedings bring into reliefare avoided. It was Mr. Amarasinghe who was the LandCommissioner in July, 1949, when these proceedings began andwhose proxy was filed and on whose behalf an answer waspresented. If a declaration were now to be made—who wouldbe bound? If an injunction were to be granted—who would beenjoined?"
The case of Leo v. The Land Commissioner has been cited as anexample of "appropriate procedure". As stated above that casedid not decide that certiorari was the only procedure or that anaction for a declaratory judgment was not open to the plaintiff.The Privy Council refers to the fact that an injunction ordeclaration would be of no value due to the fact that theincumbent in the office of Land Commissioner had changed sincethe action was instituted, and therefore if it became necessary tobring up and quash the decision or order of the Land Commissionerthe only way it could conveniently have been done was by way ofa writ of certiorari as was done in the case of Leo v. LandCommissioner. The decision of the Privy Council is no authorityfor the proposition that it cannot in a case such as this adopt asupervisory jurisdiction by way of a declaratory decree.
The third case is the case of Singho Mahatmaya v. The LandCommissioner (5). This was also instituted against the LandCommissioner seeking a declaration that a land depicted in PlanNo. 86 dated 14.7.1946 was not liable to be acquired in terms ofthe provisions of the Land Redemption Ordinance. The DistrictJudge upheld an objection taken by the respondent that theaction cannot be maintained as it had been instituted against theLand Commissioner nomine officii. The Supreme Court approvedof this ruling but decided the appeal on another matter whichquite apparently was not the matter on which the appeal wasmade to the Supreme Court. G. P. A. Silva, J. in delivering thejudgment of the Court stated that in Ladamuttu's case the PrivyCouncil had ruled that "if the authority of the Land Commissionerto make a determination under section 3 of the Land RedemptionOrdinance (mistakenly called the Land Development Ordinance) ischallenged the appropriate procedure was by way of an applicationfor certiorari. They did not say that certiorari was the more
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appropriate procedure". Silva, J. therefore concluded that theappellant could not in any event maintain the action. As pointedout earlier, this is an erroneous view as the Privy Council did notin Ladamuttu's case say that the only course open to an aggrievedparty was by writ of certiorari. It only pointed to the mostconvenient course that could be adopted for the purpose ofachieving an effective order leading to a finality in the dispute. Inview of what I have stated above I am unable to agree with thecontention that the authorities cited support the proposition thatonly a remedy by certiorari is available to the plaintiff.
The Court of Appeal does not deny the plaintiff's right to seeka declaration but states the declaration sought by him cannot begranted because it seeks to review a decision of a StatutoryTribunal. Such a supervisory power, in the opinion of the Court ofAppeal, can only be exercised if expressly conferred by "specificstatutory provision". The dictum of Morris, L. J. in the case ofHealey v. Minister of Health (6) at 231 is-cited as authority forthe proposition. The facts of the case are as follows:By a letterdated December 31, 1952, written by the Minister of Health tothe plaintiff, who was a shoemaker employed by the MorgannwgHospital Management Committee, the Minister determined,pursuant to Regulation 60 of the National Health Service(Superannuation) Regulations, 1950 that the plaintiff was not amental health officer within the meaning of the regulations. Theplaintiff in his action sought from Court a declaration "that hewas, and at all times had been, a mental health officer withinthe meaning of the regulations". The Court held that what theplaintiff was seeking to do was to induce the Court to substitute itsdeclaration in place of the declaration made by the Minister. Allthree Judges were ^clearly against making such a declaration.Denning, J. at page 227 stated –
"The plaintiff's object is clear: he is seeking in theseproceedings to get the court to say that the Minister's decisionwas wrong. It was wrong, he says, either in law or in fact orin both, but it was certainly wrong; and that is a ground for thecourt making a declaration saying what the right order shouldhave been."
At page 228 he gave his reasons as follows:
"The relief which is sought does not include a declarationthat the Minister's determination was invalid. It seeks only a
CARanasinghe v. Ceylon State Mortgage Bank (Samarakoon, CM 131
declaration that the plaintiff is and was a mental health officer.It is obvious that if the court were to consider granting thisdeclaration it would have to hear the case afresh. The plaintiffwould have to give evidence showing how he spent his time andthe Minister would have to be allowed to give evidence inanswer to it. In short the court would have to re-hear the verymatter which the Minister has decided. If the court were toembark on a re-hearing of this sort there is no telling where itwould stop. Every person who was disappointed with aMinister's decision could bring an action for a re-hearing. Thatwould be going much too far. Suppose that the court didre-hear the matter and decide in the plaintiff's favour, and didgrant the declaration for which he asks, what would happen tothe Minister's decision? So far as I can see, it would still standunless the Minister chose of his own free will to revoke it.There would then be two inconsistent findings, one by theMinister and the other by the court. That would be a mostundesirable state of affairs. In my opinion, if the court were toentertain this declaration, it would be going outside its provincealtogether. It would be exercising a jurisdiction to “hear anddetermine" which does not belong to it but to the Minister."
Morris, J. expressed himself thus at page 230:
“It seems to me clear that what is claimed in the statement ofclaims is a review, by way of appeal, of the decision of theMinister. The court is being asked to decide a question whichby regulation 60 is to be determined by the Minister. The courtis not asked to revoke the Minister's determination and if thecourt made a declaration as asked then the fate of the Minister'sdetermination might remain obscure. In substance what isundoubtedly sought, however, is a declaration binding on theMinister which would reverse his previous decision. This canonly mean that the plaintiff is seeking to appeal from theMinister. His action and his claim can have no other significanceor intention."
Parker, J. pointed out at page 232 that the "issue to be tried iswhether, the Minister having made a determination, this court hasjurisdiction by declaration, not to declare that his determinationis null and void or that it should be quashed, but to make anotherdetermination and one in the opposite sense to that made by theMinister." He held that the court had no such jurisdiction. Headded—
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"To hold otherwise would be to invest the court with anappellate jurisdiction, as opposed to a supervisory jurisdiction,which it certainly has not got. A right of appeal is the creatureof statute, and the regulations give no right of appeal."
Parker, J. makes a clear distinction between an appellatejurisdiction and a supervisory jurisdiction. He was there notdealing with a supervisory jurisdiction and the case is therefore notof any assistance in deciding the present case in which the solecontention is that the District Court of Kandy had no jurisdictionto make a supervisory order by way of a mere declaration. There isno doubt that our District Courts do not have a general appellatejurisdiction from a decision of a tribunal. Such a jurisdiction canbe exercised only if granted by Statute. Instances of such appellatejurisdiction are to be found in section 41 of the Rural CourtsOrdinance (Chapter 8), section 12 (5) of the Trade Marks Ordinance(Chapter 150), section 16 of the Trade Unions Ordinance (Chapter138) and section 30 of the Estate Duty Act, No. 13 of 1980.
Sirimane, J. states that the law in England on this matter is notclear, and he therefore steered clear of English precedent. TheHigh Court in England possesses both an original and a supervisoryjurisdiction. However the law in England does recognise a nakeddeclaratory order. Denning, L. J. in Barnard v. National DeckLabour Board (7) had no doubt that the English Courts did havethe power "to interfere with the decisions of Statutory Tribunals"by way of declaration. At page 41 he states thus:
"I think that there is much force in Mr. Pauli's contention; somuch so that I am sure that in the vast majority of cases thecourts will not seek to interfere with the decisions of statutorytribunals; but that there is power to do so, not only bycertiorari, but also by way of declaration, I do not doubt. Iknow of no limit to the power of the court to grant adeclaration except such limit as it may in its discretion imposeupon itself; and the court should not, I think, tie its hands inthis matter of statutory tribunals. It is axiomatic that when astatutory tribunal sits to administer justice, it must act inaccordance with the law. Parliament clearly so intended. If thetribunal does not observe the law, what is to be done? Theremedy by certiorari is hedged round by limitations and maynot be available. Why then should not the court intervene bydeclaration and injunction? If it cannot so intervene, it would
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mean that the tribunal could disregard the law, which is a thingno one can do in this country.'
In the case of Ibeneweka v. Egbuna (8), the plaintiffs asked fora declaration of title to land against defendants who, until the suitwas instituted, had done nothing to dispute that title. Theyhowever put the plaintiff to proof of his title and the trial Judgefound, that they were championing the rights of those notrepresented, on which basis the case was fought, and that theunrepresented parties were in reality fighting the suit. The PrivyCouncil held that a declaration of title in plaintiff's favour wasproperly entertained and granted. At page 224 the Privy Councilstated—
"The general theme of judicial observations has been to theeffect that declarations are not lightly to be granted. The powershould be exercised "sparingly", with "great care and jealousy",with "extreme caution", with "the utmost caution". These areindeed counsels of moderation, even though as, Lord Dunedinonce observed, such expressions afford little guidance forparticular cases. Nevertheless, anxious warnings of this characterappear to their Lordships to be not so much enunciations oflegal principle as administrative cautions issued by eminent andprudent judges to their, possibly more reckless, successors.After all, it is doubtful if there is more of principle involvedthan the undoubted truth that the power to grant a declarationshould be exercised with a proper sense of responsibility and afull realisation that judicial pronouncements ought not to be'issued unless there are circumstances that call for their making.Beyond that there is no legal restriction on the award of adeclaration. "In my opinion", said Lord Sterndale M. R. inHanson v. Raddiffe U.D.C. (1922) 2 Ch. 490, 507; 38 T.L.R.667, CA.) "under Order 25 r.5, the power of the court to makea declaration, where it is a question of defining the rights oftwo parties, is almost unlimited; I might say only limited byits own discretion. The discretion should, of course, beexercised judicially, but it seems to me that the discretion isvery wide."
In the case of Imperial Tobacco Co. Ltd. v. Attorney-General (9)it transpired that the plaintiff had started a "Spot Cash"advertising scheme to promote the sale of their cigarettes. Prizeswere offered to be won. The Director of Public Prosecutions
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launched a prosecution against the plaintiff on the basis that thescheme was an unlawful lottery. The plaintiff sought a declarationfrom Court that it was not a lottery. The Court of Appeal heldthat such a declaration was rightly granted in spite of the pendingprosecution as there was "a really debatable question ofconstruction on which it is desirable that an authoritative rulingshould be speedily obtained". In England the power to grantdeclarations is contained in Order XXV Rule 5 of the Rules of theSupreme Court 1883. It reads as follows:
"No action or proceeding shall be open to objection on dieground that a mere declaratory judgment or order is soughtthereby, and the Court may make binding declarations of rightwhether any consequential relief is or could be claimed or not."
Section 217 (G) of the Civil Procedure Code enacted in 1889permits a declaratory judgment without granting any substantiverelief or remedy. Both provisions permit a naked declaratoryjudgment. There is no doubt, as pointed out by Fernando, S.P.J.in Thiagarajah v. Karthigesu (1) at 79, that our legislature intendedto adopt the English Law contained in Order XXV Rule V. Inthat case a mere declaration of status was granted to plaintiff.Declaratory actions are common in modern times. Such an actionwas the only remedy available against the Crown in imperial timesand is so, with some limitation, against the State today, "and Courtsof Justice have always assumed so far without disillusionmentthat their declaratory decrees against the Crown will berespected"—perGratiaen.J. in Attorney-Generalv.Sabaratnam{"