004-SLLR-SLLR-2010-V-2-STASSEN-EXPORTS-LIMITED-v.-BROOKE-BOND-GROUP-LTD.-AND-TWO-OTHERS.pdf
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STASSEN EXPORTS LIMITED V. BROOKE BOND GROUP LTD.,AND TWO OTHERSSUPREME COURT
DR. SHIRANI A. BANDARANAYAKE, J.
MARSOOF, P. C. J., ANDBALAPATABENDI, J.,
S. C. (CHC) APPEAL NO. 48/1999H.C. NO. 33/96 (3)
D. C. (COLOMBO) NO. 3411/SPL.
OCTOBER 22nd, 2007
High Court of the Provinces (Sp. Pro) Act -10 of 1996 – Section 2 (1),Section 10 – Code of Intellectual Property Act – Sections 130 (1),130 (2), 172 [2),172 (4), 174 and 176 – Evidence Ordinance –
Sections 31, 61, 64. 65. 74, 77, 76, 167 and 176 – Civil ProcedureCode – Section 110 – Ho belated objections to production ofdocuments. – Best Evidence?
This was an appeal from a decision of the Commercial High Court ofColombo dated 22.10.1999 whereby the learned High Court Judgedismissed the action filed by the plaintiff-appellant seeking to removefrom the register maintained by the Registrar of Trade Marks underthe now repealed Code of Intellectual Property Act No. 52 of 1979, assubsequently amended, the trade mark bearing No. 12307 registered inthe name of the Is' Defendant – Respondent, Brooke Bond Group Ltd.,of Watergate, London, United Kingdom, and currently licensed to the2nd Defendant – Respondent, Brooke Bond (Ceylon) Pvt. Ltd.
The essence of the dispute was whether the words “Red Label” usedwith the ‘Brooke Bond’ trade mark bearing No. 12307 was sufficientlydistinctive, so as to prevent the appellant using the words ‘Red Medal’with its trade mark bearing No. 53509.
Held
An affidavit tendered in terms of Section 176 of the Code ofIntellectual Property Act, is obviously much more than prima-facie evidence of the facts adverted therein, and in the absence ofany objections to its admission in evidence and directions to thecontrary made by Court, it has to be treated as the examination-in – chief of the witness.
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As no objection was taken by the 1“ defendant – respondent tothe affidavit of D.H.S. Jayawardene dated 11.10.1997 which wastendered in evidence under Section 176 of the Intellectual PropertyAct along with documents marked A1 to A52 they add up toadmissions recorded in favour of appellant.
Since the documents marked A1 to A52 had been read in evidenceat the close of the appellant’s case without any objection fromBrooke Bond, they cannot legitimately be objected to thereafter onthe next date.
Per Saleem Marsoof, J., –
“Jayawardana has in paragraph 1 of his affidavit expressly
declared that he deposes to the facts contained therein from hispersonal knowledge and from documents available to him, copiesof which he has produced marked A1 to A52. In his brief cross-examination of Jayawardana, learned Senior Counsel for BrookeBond made no endeavor to probe the extent of the witness personalknowledge of matters deposed to by him in the affidavit, and thestrange proposition that he had absolutely no personal knowledgeof any of such matters was never put to him in cross-examination.In these circumstances, I am of the opinion that it is not reason-able to conclude from this cross-examination that Jayawardanahad no personal knowledge of the matters he had deposed to in theaffidavit, and to refuse to consider the contents thereof in deciding. the case at hand. I hold that the learned Commercial High CourtJudge had no justification for the rejection of the affidavit in thismanner.”
Section 31 of the Evidence Ordinance which applies to informal orcasual admissions, testimony relating to which may be led at thetrial, has no relevance to formal or judicial admissions recorded atthe trial.
Although according to Section 61 of the Evidence Ordinance, thecontents of documents may be proved either by primary or bysecondary evidence, it is expressly provided in Section 64 ofthe Ordinance, that the documents must be proved by primaryevidence except in the specific instances provided in Section 65 ofthe Ordinance, as in cases in which secondary evidence relating todocuments may be given.
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It is trite law that as Samarakoon, C.J., observed in Sri LankaPorts Authority and another vs. Jugolinija – Boat East [1981] 1SLR 18 at 23 – 24 that, “If no objection is taken when at the closeof a case documents are read in evidence, they are evidence forall purposes of the law.” This is the cursus curiae of the originalCourts.
Since judicial proceedings are conducted in public (except inexceptional cases where for some good reasons evidence has to berecorded in camera) the judicial process has to be transparent, acase record is very much a “public document” which any memberof the public has the right to inspect. Accordingly, certified cop-ies of whole or part of the record may legitimately be tendered inevidence under Section 77 of the Evidence Ordinance.
Certified copies issued by the Office of the Registrar of Patents andTrade Marks in terms of Section 174 of the Code of IntellectualProperty Act, are available as prima facie evidence.
Per Saleem Marsoof, J., –
“Section 110 of the Civil Procedure Code makes it possible for aCourt, of its own accord, or upon an application of any of theparties to an action, to send for, either from its own records, orfrom any other Court, the record of any other action or proceedingsand inspect the same.” However, this provision has to be usedsparingly and with caution. In fact the practice of calling for therecord is not encouraged as the removal of the record from itsproper place would make it impossible for others to use therecord and there is also serious risk of loss of record or documentscontained therein”.
Cases referred to:-
Joses v. Randall, Cowp. 17
Hermet v. Lyon, 1 B & Aid 182
Mortimer v. M’Callan 6 M & W 58
Doe v. Roberts, 13M & W 523
Kowla Umma v. Mohideen (1938) 39 NLR 454
The Attorney General v. Geetin Singho (1956) 57 NLR 280
Buddhadasa v. Mahendran (1957) 58 NLR 8
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Sri Lanka Ports Authority and Another v. Jugolinija – Boat East(1981) 1 SLR 18
Silva v. Kindersle (1915 – 1916) 18 NLR 85
Adicappa Chettiar v. Thomas Cook and Son (1930) 31 NLR 385
Perera v. Seyed Mohomed (1957) 58 NLR 246
Balapitiya Ounananda Thero v. Talalle Methananda Thero (1997) 2SLR 101
Cinemas Ltd., v. Sounderarajan (1998) 2 SLR 16
AN APPEAL from the Judgment of the Commercial High Court ofColombo.
Ben Eliyathambi, P.C., with Gomin Dayasiri and Priyanthi Goonerathnefor the Appellant.
Avinda Rodrigo with Manoj de Silva for the Respondent.
Cur.adv.imlt.
March 15th 2010SALEEM MARSOOF, J.
This is an appeal from a decision of the Commercial HighCourt of Colombo dated 22nd October 1999 dismissing theaction filed by the Plaintiff-Appellant (hereinafter referredto as the “Appellant”), seeking inter alia to remove from theregister maintained by the Registrar of Trade Mark under thenow repealed Code of Intellectual Property Act No. 52 of 1979,as subsequently amended, the trade mark bearing No. 12307registered in the name of the 1st Defendant-Respondent,Brooke Bond Group Ltd ofWatergate, London, United Kingdom,and currently licensed to the 2nd Defendant-Respondent,Brooke Bond (Ceylon) Pvt Ltd. It is common ground thatBrooke Bond Group Ltd is a company duly incorporated inthe United Kingdom and was previously named and known
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as Brooke Bond Liebig Ltd. and Brooke Bond Group PLCrespectively. It is also an admitted fact that Brooke Bond(Ceylon) Pvt Ltd. was, ori the date the original action wasfiled, a wholly owned subsidiary of Brooke Bond Group Ltd.The essence of the dispute was whether the words ‘Red. Lable'used with the ‘Brooke Bond’ trade mark bearing No. 12307was sufficiently distinctive so as to prevent the Appellantusing the words ‘Red Medal’ with its trade mark bearingNo. 53509.
The action, which was originally filed in the DistrictCourt of Colombo in 1991 and was pending at the time of the“appointed date” specified in the order made under Section2(1) of the High Court of the Provinces (Special Provisions)Act No. 10 of 1996, stood “removed” to the Commercial HighCourt of Colombo as contemplated by Section 10 of the saidAct. The Appellant in the main sought a declaration in termsof Section 130(1) of the Code of Intellectual Property Act thatthe registration of the said trade mark bearing No. 12307 isnull and void and a further declaration in terms of Section132(1) of the said Code that the said trade mark be removedfrom the Register of Trade Marks. Additionally, the Appellanthad also prayed that the entries pertaining to the succes-sive proprietorships of Brooks Bond Liebig Ltd., BrookeBonds PLC and Brooke Bonds Group Ltd., of the said trademark made respectively in the years 1983, 1985 and 1987 beexpunged from the said Register under Section 172(2) of thesaid Code. The Appellant also sought the review, in terms ofSection 172(2) of the said Code. The Appellant also soughtthe review, in terms of Section 172(4) of the Code, of anydecision of the Registrar of Trade Mark relating to anypurported entries in the said Register in respect of trade markNo. 12307. The 1st and 2nd Defendant-Respondents (sometimeshereinafter collectively referred to as “Brooke Bond”), while
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denying the position taken up by the Appellant, sought intheir answer by way of claims in reconvention inter aliaa declaration that the Appellant is not entitled to use thetrade mark bearing No. 12307, a further declaration that theAppellant is not entitled to use the trade mark ‘Red Label’,and a permanent injunction restraining the Appellant fromusing the said ‘Red Label’ trademark bearing No. 12307 orany colorable imitation of the mark of Brooke Bond.
It is important to note that when the case was taken up forhearing in the District Court of Colombo, on 5th February 1993,the Court recorded 19 admissions, and thereafter 21 issueswere formulated on behalf of the Appellant. 19 issues wereraised by learned President’s Counsel for Brooke Bonds, whichprompted the Appellant to raise 2 more issues bringing thenumber of issues formulated by Court to 42. The hearing wasthereafter postponed for several dates, but in the meantime,the case stood removed to the Commercial High Court ofColombo as noted already. On 3rd December 1996, when thecase was called for the first time before the Commercial HighCourt, the proceedings that had taken place previously beforethe District Court of Colombo were expressly adopted, andaccordingly, when the case was taken up- for trial before theCommercial High Court on 13th October 1997, it abided bythe admissions and issues recorded previously in the DistrictCourt of Colombo.
It appears trom the admissions recorded in the Dis-trict Court and adopted by the Commercial High Court thatat the time the action from which this appeal arises wasinstituted, the name of Brooke Bond Group Ltd. appearedin the Register of Trade Marks maintained by the 3rd Defen-dant-Respondent as the proprietor of the ‘Brooke Bond’ trademark bearing No. 12307, while the name of Brooke Bond(Ceylon) Ltd. appeared as its licensee. It is also admitted that
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while the former company did not at the relevant time engagedirectly in any trading activity in Sri Lanka, the latter wasengaged in the business of blending, selling and distributingtea in and from Sri Lanka. It is an admitted fact that the saidtrade mark No. 12307 was first registered upon the applicationdated 24th July 1950 made by Brooke Bond (Ceylon) Ltd.,which thereafter by the Deed of Assignment dated 27th March1981 assigned the said trade mark along with 17 other trade-marks to Brooke Bond Liebig Ltd., which was registered asthe proprietor of the said trade mark in terms of Section119 of the Code of Intellectual property Act on or about 30thAugust 1983. It is also admitted that the said trade markbearing No. 12307 was associated with trade mark Nos.5557, 11989, 11837, 11838, 12306, 13101, 14378, 28955and 27554, all of which contain the words “Brooke Bond*.Consequent upon a licensing agreement being entered intobetween Brooke Bond Liebig Ltd and Brooke Bond (Ceylon)Ltd granting to the latter the right to use the said trade mark,and on the basis of an application made under Section 121of the Code for this purpose, Brooke Bond (Ceylon) Ltd wasalso entered as licensee of the said trade mark No. 12307 inthe Register of Trade Marks on or about 30th August 1983. Itis common ground that when Brooke Bond Liebig Ltd’s namewas changed to Brooke Bond Group PLC, the name of theproprietor of the said trade mark No. 12307 was accordinglyaltered in favor of the latter company in the Register of TradeMarks on or about 25th March 1985, and that once againwhen the latter changed its name as Brooke Bond GroupLtd, the name of the proprietor of the said trade mark wasaccordingly altered in the said Register on or about 16thNovember 1987.
It is admitted that Brooke Bond Group Ltd is not alicensed dealer of tea under the Tea Control Act and is nota registered exporter of tea under the Tea Control Act Read
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with the provisions of the Tea (Tax and Control of Export)Act and is therefore not entitled to sell or distribute tea fromSri Lanka. It is also an admitted fact that Brooke Bond GroupLtd has never registered with the Sri Lanka Tea Board acarton or packet containing the said trade mark No. 12307. Itis common ground that although Brooke Bond Group Ltd isa company incorporated in the United Kingdom, it is not theowner of any trade mark registered in the United Kingdomcontaining the words “Brooke Bond Red Label Tea”.
Amongst the admissions recorded in the District Courtand adopted in the Commercial High Court, there is alsoan admission to the effect that the Appellant has for severalyears exported Pure Ceylon Tea’ in cartons, and that theAppellant has also applied to register trade mark bearingNo. 53509 with the words ‘Red Medal'. It is further admittedthat the Appellant has exported tea in cartons similar toP3’ bearing the trade mark Red Medal' to several countriesincluding Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria and Jordan.It is also an admitted fact that the Appellant’s applicationfor registration of the trade mark bearing No. 53509 hasbeen opposed by Brook Bond Group Ltd. inter alia on thebasis of the purported ownership of the said ‘Brooke Bond'trade mark bearing No. 12307. It is also admitted that BrookBond Group Ltd filed an application to register trade markNo. 55881 containing the words Red Label' and that the saidapplication has been opposed by the Appellant.
It is on the basis of these admissions that several issueswere formulated by the District Court, which were ultimatelytaken up for trial in the Commercial High Court. In view ofthe fact that there were altogether 42 issues to be tried, whichissues may if reproduced in this judgment verbatim, result intedious reading, I shall endeavor to highlight the main issues
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with respect to which parties were at variance, to the extentthat such issues may be relevant for the disposal of the presentappeal. The 21 issues raised by the learned President’sCounsel for the Appellant may conveniently be summarizedas follows: Is the Appellant entitled to any or all of the reliefprayed for by it by reason of –
The invalidity of the Deed of Assignment dated 27thMarch 1981 by which Brooke Bond (Ceylon) Pvt Ltd.,purported to transfer the ‘Brooke Bondtrade markbearing No. 12307 to Broke Bond Liebig Ltd., dueto the fact that the Power of Attorney issued by thelatter to M/s Julius & Creasy, Attorneys-at-law, toact as its authorized agent was not executed un-der its seal, and has only been signed by a persondesignated as its Secretary when the signature of twoof its Directors or one Director and the Secretary wasrequired for this purpose?; and /or
The consequent invalidity of the entries in the Registerof Trade Marks made respectively on or about 30,hAugust, 1983, 25th March 1985 and 16th November1987; and / or
The total non-user by Broke Bond Group Ltd andthe consistent non-user since 1983 by Brooke Bond(Ceylon) Pvt Ltd of the said ‘Brooke Bond’ trade markbearing No. 12307 for the sale and/ or export of teafrom Sri Lanka?, and/or
The consequent inability arising from the said non-user, to distinguish the teas of Brooke Bond GroupLtd and Brooke Bond (Ceylon) Pvt Ltd from those ofother Sri Lankan distributors and /or exporters?
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In the same way, the 19 issues formulated by learnedPresident’s Counsel for Brooke Bond may be summarizedas follows: Should the application filed by the Appellant bedismissed, and judgment entered in favor of Brooke BondGroup Ltd as prayed for in prayer (c) and (e) of its Answer forthe reason that:-
Brooke Bond Group Ltd engaged in the business ofblending, packeting, marketing, selling, and exportingtea through its subsidiaiy, Brooke Bond (Ceylon) PvtLtd under the supervision, direction and control ofthe former company?; and/or
The registration of the cartons and packets bearingthe said ‘Brooke Bond’ trade mark bearing No. 12307with the Tea Board, and the use of the said trademark, as well as the said cartons and packets, byBrooke Bond (Ceylon) Ltd amounted to use of the saidmark by Brooke Bond Group Ltd? and/or
The ‘Red Label’ trade mark has become distinctiveof the tea blended, packeted, distributed and mar-keted by the subsidiaries of Brooke Bond Group Ltd,as a result of the use by Brooke Bond (India) Ltd, acompany incorporated in India as a subsidiaiy ofBrooke Bond Group Ltd, of the said trade mark forexporting tea from India? and/or
In any event, the action filed by the Appellant is time-barred and prescribed?
In response to (g) above, learned President’s Counsel forthe Appellant was permitted to raise two further issues asissues 41 and 42 as to whether the exports by Brooke Bond(India) Ltd, under a trade mark registered in India, wouldamount to the user of a trade mark registered in Sri Lanka.
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Accordingly, when the case was taken up for further trialon 13th October 1997, the affidavit of Don Harold StassenJayawardene dated 11th October 1997 was tendered inevidence under Section 176 of the Code of IntellectualProperty Act on behalf of the Appellant, along with thedocuments marked A1 to A52. Thereafter, a date wasobtained by Brooke Bond for the cross – examination of thesaid Jayawardene. On 19th December 1997, the date fixedfor such cross-examination, the said Jayawardene was verybriefly cross-examined by learned Senior Counsel for BrookeBond, and since there were no questions in re-examinationand no other witness to be called on behalf of the Appellant,learned President’s Counsel for the Appellant moved to closehis case “reading in evidence A1 to A52”. Thereafter, learnedHigh Court Judge made order that the affidavit of the BrookeBond should be filed on 16th Februaiy 1988. On that date,no affidavit was filed, and in fact, learned Senior Counsel forBrooke Bond informed Court that no evidence will be led onbehalf of Brooke Bond. He also intimated to Court that hewas objecting to the reception in evidence of the documentsmarked A5 to A8, All to A13, A15 to A28, A31 to A41 andA44 of A49, and thereafter moved to close his case withoutany evidence. The learned High Court Judge then gave a datefor the written submission of both parties, which were filedin due course.
On 22nd October 1999 the learned Commercial HighCourt Judge delivered his judgment upholding the objectiontaken on behalf of Brook Bond to the documents marked A5to A8, All to A13, A15 to A28, A31 to A41 and A44 to A49on the basis that the contents of the said documents havenot been proved by primary evidence or secondary evidenceas required by Section 61 of the Evidence Ordinance, nor arethey duly certified copies by the public officer having custody
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thereof as contemplated by Sections 76 and 77 of theEvidence Ordinance. In the result, the learned High CourtJudge held that “the Court is left with no evidence to beconsidered” to substantiate the application of the Appellant.Accordingly, the High Court answered the several issuesframed at the instance of the Appellant against it on the basisthat there is “no proof” and dismissed the action filedby the Appellant, ostensibly for the same reason that hedismissed Brooke Bond’s claims-in reconvention, namelypaucity of evidence. The latter decision of course is clearlyjustified as Brooke Bond had failed to file any affidavit or adduceany other evidence in support of its claims-in-reconvention.However, in the context that 19 admissions had been recordedand an affidavit had been filed with as much as 52 documents,by way of justification for his decision to dismiss the appli-cation of the Appellant the Learned High Court Judge wasconstrained to add that –
“Even though there are several admissions recorded,they are not conclusive proof of matters as provided forunder Section 31 of the Evidence Ordinance. Thoughthey may operate as estoppel against the defendants(Brooke Bond) a mere estoppel will not entitle the plaintiff(Appellant) to have an adjudication (sic) in its favor”
This is an astounding and most unacceptable propositionof law, to say the least. It is astounding because Section 31 ofthe Evidence Ordinance, which applies to informal or casualadmissions, testimony relating to which may be led at thetrial, has no relevance to formal or judicial admissionsrecorded at the trial. The learned Judge has altogetheroverlooked Section 58 of the Evidence Ordinance applicableto the latter category of admissions, which provides that –
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“No fact need be proved in any proceeding which the par-ties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, orwhich, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writ-ing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading inforce at the time they are deemed to have admitted by theirpleadings. …” (italics added)
It is clear that the learned High Court Judge hasseriously misdirected himself in disregarding the vitaladmissions recorded at the trial, which learned President’sCounsel for the Appellant contends could have, along withthe documents produced with Jayawardene’s affidavit towhich no objections were taken by learned Senior Counselfor Brooke Bond, namely, the documents marked A1 to A4,A9, A10, A14, A29, A30, A42, A43 and A50 to A52, gone along way in proving the Appellant’s case. I do not proposeto consider in any depth the rather interesting issues ofintellectual property law and arrive at any findings in regardto the questions relating to the use of certain trade-marksthat this case gives rise to, as in my view this is neithernecessary nor desirable for the disposal of the presentappeal. I prefer to confine myself to the mundane questions ofprocedure and evidence which were the main focus ofsubmissions of learned Counsel in this case. However, beforeconsidering these vital issues, it is necessary to refer toSection 176 of the Code of Intellectual Property Act in termsof which the affidavit of Don Harold Stassen Jayawardenewas tendered in evidence by the Appellant in evidence. Sub-section 1 of this section provides that-
“In any proceeding under this Code before the Registrar orthe Court, the evidence shall be given by affidavit in theabsence of directions to the contrary. But, in any case inwhich the Registrar or the Court shall think it right so todo, the Registrar or the Court may take evidence viva vocein lieu of, or in addition to, evidence by affidavit. ”
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The above quoted provision has to be contrasted withSection 174 of the Code of Intellectual Property Act, whichprovides that a certificate purporting to be under the handof the Registrar as to any entry, matter, or thing which he isauthorized by the said Code or regulations made thereunderto make or do, “shall be prima facie evidence of the entryhaving been made, and of the contents thereof, and of thematter or thing having been done or not done.” The affidavitof Jayawardene tendered in terms of Section 176 of the Codeis obviously much more than prima fade evidence of the factsadverted to therein, and in the absence of any objections toits admission in evidence and any directions to the contrarymade by court, it has to be treated as the examination in-chiefof the witness Don Harold Stassen Jayawatdene. Of course,the High Court had the power to take evidence viva voce” inlieu of, or in addition to, evidence by affidavit”, which powerit appears to have exercised, by affording Brooke Bond anopportunity to cross-examine Jayawardene. The documentsmarked A5 to A8, All to A13, A15 to A28, A31 to A41 andA44 to A49 may therefore be equated to documents markedduring the examination in-chief of a witness in the course ofa regular trial.
It is in this context that the objection taken on behalf ofBrooke Bond to the admission in evidence of the aforesaiddocuments has to be viewed. These documents broadly fallinto two categories, namely, those sought by the Appellantto be admitted in terms of Section 77 of the EvidenceOrdiance, and those sought to be tendered in terms of otherprovisions of law. A careful reading of the affidavit of Don HaroldStassen Jayawardene would reveal that only the documentsmarked A5 to A8, A15, A22 to A27, A33 to A37 and A39to A41 were tendered as “true copies” of the pleadings,proceedings and judgement in D.C. Colombo 2955/Spl filed by
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Brooke Bond Group Ltd against Akbar Brothers Exports (Pvt)Ltd in relation to which an appeal was pending in the Court ofAppeal, fall within the first category to which the provisions ofSections 76 and 77 of the Evidence Ordinance are said to beapplicable. Section 76 of the Ordinance provides that-
“Every public officer having the custody of a publicdocument, which any person has a right to inspect, shallgive that person on demand a copy of it on paymentof the legal fees therefore together with a certificatewritten at the foot of such copy that it is a true copy of suchdocument or part thereof, as the case may be, and suchcertificate shall be dated and subscribed by such officerwith his name and his official title, and shall be sealed,whenever such officer is authorized by law to make use ofa seal, and such copies so certified shall be called certifiedcopies. ” (italics added)
Section 77 provides that-
“Such certified copies may be produced in proof of the con-tents of the public documents or parts of the public docu-ments of which they purport to be copies. ”
It may be useful to pause here to explain that althoughaccording to Section 61 of the Evidence Ordinance, thecontents of document may be proved either by primary or bysecondary evidence, it is expressly provided in Section 64 ofthe Ordinance that documents must be proved by primaryevidence, expect in the specific instances listed in Section65 of the Ordinance as cases in which secondary evidencemay be given. This provision embodies the so called BestEvidence’ rule, which postulates that it is in the interests ofjustice to produce the best evidence as opposed to inferiorevidence, which in the case of a document would mean thatit is desirable to produce in court the original rather than acopy thereof.
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Where the document in question is a case record ofanother court or even the same court but relating to adifferent case, Section 110 of the Civil Procedure Code makesit possible for a court, of its own accord, or upon an applicationof any of the parties to an action, to “send for, either fromits own records or from any other court, the record of anyother action or proceeding, and inspect the same.” However,this provision has to be used sparingly and with caution.In fact, the practice of calling for the record has not beenencouraged as the removal of the record from its proper placewould make it impossible for others to use the record, andthere is also a serious risk of loss of the record or documentcontained therein, and the attendant wear and tear involvedin the movement of the record. See, Joses v. Randall, Cowp."1per Lord Mansfield; Hennet v. Lyon,l2). 182 at 184 per LordEllenborough; Mortimer v. M’Callan,,3) at 69 per Lord Abinger;Doe v. Roberts,1141 per Pollock C. B.
It is in view of practical difficulties of this nature thatSection 65 of the Evidence Ordinance makes provision forthe proof of a document through secondary evidence in thespecific instances enumerated therein. Section 65(5) of theOrdinance permits the use of secondary evidence to provethe existence, condition, or contents of a document where“the original is a public documents within the meaning ofsection 74.” It appears from the catalogue of “publicdocuments” found in Section 74 of the Evidence Ordinancethat, amongst other things, documents forming the acts,or records of the acts of public officers, in the legislative,judicial, and executive spheres, whether in Sri Lanka or ina foreign country, may be regarded as public documents.The only Sri Lankan case which has considered the questionwhether judicial proceeding fall within this catalogue of
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“public documents” in Section 76 of the Evidence Ordinance,is the decision of the Supreme Court in Kowla Umma v.Mohideen151 but the document in question in that casewas a foreign judgment which it was thought has to becertified under Section 78(6) rather than under Section 76read with Section 77 of the Evidence Ordinance. There alsoappears to be a difference of judicial opinion in regard tothe question of the extent to which a person has the “rightto inspect” a public document. See, The Attorney Generalv. Geetin Signhd6); Buddhadasa v. Mahendran(7>. However, asfar as a case record maintained by a court of law is concerned,this is a distinction without a difference, and I am firmly ofthe opinion that since judicial proceedings are conducted inpublic (except in exceptional cases where for some good reasonevidence has to be recorded in camera) and the judicial processhas to be transparent, a case record is very much a “publicdocument” which any member of the public has the right toinspect. Accordingly, certified copies of the whole or part of acase record may legitimately be tendered in evidence underSection 77 of the Evidence Ordinance.
The focus of the submissions of learned Counsel beforethe High Court as well as before this Court in this case wastherefore on the issue whether the documents marked A5to A8, A15, A22 to A27, A33 to A37 and A39 to A41 andproduced with the affidavit of Jayawardene purportedly aspart of the proceedings in D. C. Colombo 2955/Spl. hadbeen “duly certified” in compliance with Section 77 read withSection 76 of the Evidence Ordinance. The certification reliedupon by the Appellant for the purpose of having the aforesaiddocuments admitted in evidence, was in fact made by theChief Clerk of the Court of Appeal “at the foot” of the documentmarked A39 in the following terms:-
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“I do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true photo-copyof the proceedings page Nos. 140-145, 244, 250, 276,277, 334-353, 408-411, 435, 440, 441, 448, 453, 463,464, 467, 476, 490 – 492 filed of record in Court of AppealCase No. 961/91(F) and D. C. Colombo No. 2955/Spl.
Sgd/-
10th October 1997Chief Clerk, Court of Appeal”
It is relevant to note that the above certification has beenmade by the Chief Clerk of the Court of Appeal under theseal of the Court of Appeal placed on a stamp for the value ofRs. 10.00, and that the said seal has also been placed on everypage of the proceedings so certified along with his initials.Several objections, albeit of a rather technical nature, havebeen taken to the reception in evidence of each of the documentsought to be produced, such as that it is a certification by theChief Clerk of the Court of Appeal instead of the Registrar ofthat Court, that it is not in due form as it merely purports tocertify that the document is a “true photo-copy” and not asa “certified copy” and that it is not sufficiently descriptive ofwhich case record it seeks to certify as it in fact refers to twocase numbers, one of the District Court of Colombo and theother of the court of Appeal. Although the said certificationis somewhat vague and does not clearly state that what iscertified is part of the record of the proceedings in D. C.Colombo case No. 2955/Spl, the record of which was at the rel-evant time, in the de jure custody of the Registrar of the Courtof Appeal and in the de facto custody of the Chief Clerk of thatCourt, the correct position has been clarified by Jayawardenein the affidavit with which the copies were tendered, and thewords “true photo-copy” used in the certification appear to beappropriate and consistent with the language used in Section76 of the Evidence Ordinance.
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The main difficulty faced by the learned High CourtJudge was that the said proceedings which learnedPresident’s Counsel claims have been “compendiously certified”by the Chief Clerk of the Court of Appeal have not beencompendiously presented with the said affidavit. As thelearned High Court Judge observes in the course of his judge-ment, the document marked A39 itself consists of a fewernumber of pages (pages 490 – 492) than the pages of the pro-ceedings which have been compendiously certified. Althoughthe said certificate at the foot of A39 seeks to certify “that theforgoing is a true photocopy” certain parts of the documentso certified have been attached to the relevant affidavit,marked A40 and A41 which cannot be regarded as “forgoing”.Similarly, the other documents produced with the affidavit towhich objection had been taken namely A5 to A8, A15, A22to A27, A33 to A37, A40 and A41 did not have at the “foot”of such document a similar certification by the certifyingofficer although each page of said document bore the seal ofthe Court of Appeal with the initials of the Chief Clerk andthe date of certification. In my opinion, when a documenthas been certified as a true copy of a public document, theentire document so certified should be tendered in evidencewithout physically breaking it into parts as the Appellant hasdone in this case, as such breaking up will have the effectof destroying the identity and character of the certified copyas one single document. I agree with the view of the learnedCommercial High Court Judge that the documents markedA5 to A8, A15, A22 to A27, A33 to A37, A40 and A41 cannotin law be regarded as “certified copies” within the meaningof Sections 76 and 77 of the Evidence Ordinance, and thateven the document marked A39 does not fully conform to therequirement of Section 76 as the said document doesnot contain all the page numbers or even the number ofpages speutied in the certification. Accordingly, I holdthat the learned High Court Judge was perfectly right
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Stassen Exports Limited v. Brooke Bond Group Ltd., and Two others
(Saleem Marsoof J.)
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when he held as a matter of law that none of the aforesaiddocuments were duly certified copies admissible underSection 77 read with Section 76 of the Evidence Ordinance.
However, in my considered opinion, this does not concludethe matter. As previously noted, there is another categoryof evidence to which Brooke Bond had objected to in 16thFebruary 1998, namely those that were sought to be tenderednot under Section 76 and 77 of the Evidence Ordinance, butunder some other legal provisions. Unfortunately the learnedHigh Court Judge has failed to consider the fact that only thedocuments marked A5 to A8, A15, A22 to A27, A33, A35 toA3 7, A39 to A41 were claimed in the affidavit of Jayawardeneto be part of the record in D. C. Colombo case No. 2955/Spl. The documents marked A1 to A4, A9 to A14, A16 to A21were clearly not part of the proceedings in the said case, andthe learned High Court Judge has failed to adduce any rea-sons for rejecting them, possibly because he was laboring un-der the mistaken assumption that they too were purportedcertified copies of the said case record. In fact a reading ofthe affidavit of Jayawardene would reveal that A11 to A14,A19, A21, A44, A46, A47 were tendered as true copies ofdocuments in the custody of, entries made by, or proceedingsconducted in the office of, the Register of Patents and TradeMarks, purportedly certified by the Registrar to Trade Marksin terms of Section 174 of the Code of Intellectual Properly,under which such certified copies are admissible as primafacie evidence of the same. I am firmly of the opinion that therewas no legal basis for the rejection of these documents.
An even more fundamental error committed by the learnedHigh Court Judge is his failure to consider the belatednessof the objection of Brooke Bond to the documents marked A5to A8, A11 to A13, A15 to A28 A31 to A41 and A44 to A49. Itis important to note that learned Senior Counsel for BrookeBond had chosen to raise his objections to these documents
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only on 16th February, 1988, which, as I have already noted,was the date for the tendering of the affidavit of Brooke Bond.However, on 19th December 1997, when the Appellant’s casewas closed reading in evidence documents marked A1 to A52,no objection was taken on behalf of Brooke Bond to theiradmission in evidence, and the learned High Court Judgemade order as follows:-
“Plaintiffs case closed reading in evidence A1 to A52.
Affidavit by the defendants on 16th Feb: 1998.
Sgd./-
HIGH COURT JUDGE (CIVIL)”
Objection was for the first time taken to these docu-ments only on 16th February 1998 as would appear from theproceedings of that date quoted below:-
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Stassen Exports Limited v. Brooke Bond Group Ltd., and Two others
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It is clear from the above quoted proceedings of theCommercial High Court in this case that on 19th December1998, when after the conclusion of the cross-examinationand re-examination of witness Jayawardene, the case for theAppellant was closed by learned Counsel for the Appellantmarking in evidence A1 to A52, no objection was taken bySenior Counsel for Brooke Bond to the reception in evidence ofthe said documents, and on the next date when Brooke Bondwas expected to file its affidavit and/or call its witnesses,learned Senior Counsel for Brooke Bond had first informedCourt that it is not intended to lead any evidence on behalfof Brooke Bond, and that it does not object to any of thedocuments of the Appellant except the ones marked A5 to A8,A11 to A13, A15 to A28, A31 to A41 and A44 to A49. LearnedSenior Counsel for Brooke Bond also took the opportunity tocorrect the proceedings of the previous date, namely, that of19th December 1995, and learned President’s Counsel for theAppellant did not have any objections to these corrections,which fact was also recorded, after which learned SeniorCounsel for Brooke Bond had closed the case for theDefence. It is trite law that as Samarakoon, C.J. observedin Sri Lanka Ports Authority and Another v. Jugolinija – BoatEast8' at 23-24, “if no objection is taken when at the closeof a case documents are read in evidence, they are evidencefor all purposes of the law. ” This is the cursus curiae of theoriginal courts. See, Silva v. KinderslePAdaicappa Chettiarv. Thomas Cook and Sonfl0> Perera v. Seyed MohomedU);Balapitiya Cunananda Thero v. Talatte Methananda Theny,2);Cinemas Limited v. Sounderarajanll3). Since the documentsmarked A1 to A52 had been read in evidence on 19thDecember 1998 at the close of the Appellant’s case withoutany objection from Brooke Bond, they cannot legitimately
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be objected to on the next date, particularly because seriousprejudice could thereby be caused to the Appellant by thebelated nature of the Objection. I therefore hold that thelearned High Court Judge erred in sustaining the saidobjection.
The learned High Court Judge has also inexplicably failedto consider the implication of the fact that the belated objectionto the admissibility of the Appellant’s documents being• confined to the documents marked A5 to A8, A11 to A13, A15to A28, A31 to A41 and A44 to A49 which means that therewere a large number of documents to which no-objectionat all had been taken by Brooke Bond. In fact, documentsmarked A1 to A4, A9, A10, A14, A29, A30, A42, A43 and A50to A52 were not objected to by. learned Counsel for BrookeBond even belatedly. It is noteworthy that when learnedPresident’s Counsel for the Appellant closed the case for theAppellant on 19th December 1997, no objection was takenon behalf of Brooke Bond to any of the documents markedA1 to A52 which were sought to be read in evidence. Assuch it was incumbent on the learned High Court Judge toconsider whether on the basis of the admissions recorded, thecontents of the affidavit of Jayawardene, and the aforesaidun-objected documents, it is possible to award one or more ofthe relief prayed for by the Appellant. The learned High CourtJudge, regrettably, has not undertaken such an evaluation,and the only reason adduced in his judgment for not taking toconsideration the affidavit of Jayawardene is that he “couldnot have had any personal knowledge relating to the severalmatters deposed to in the affidavit”. The learned High CourtJudge has formed this opinion on the basis of the very briefcross-examination of Jayawardene, in the course of which
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it was elicited that the said Jayawardene had never beenemployed or had and any dealings with Brooke Bond or EasternBrokers Ltd. However, the said cross-examination clearlyclearly reveals that Jayawardene was the Managing Direc-tor of the Appellant Company since its incorporation in1977, and was in the tea trade. Jayawardene has in para-graph 1 of his affidavit expressly declared that he deposedto the facts contained therein from his personal knowledgeand from documents available to him, copies of which he hasprocduced marked A1 to A52. In his brief cross-examinationof Jayawardene, leaned Senior Counsel for Brooke Bond madeno endeavor to probe the extent of the witnesses personalknowledge of matters deposed to by him in the affidavit, andthe strange proposition that he had absolutely no personalknowledge of any of such matters was never put to him incross-examination. In these circumstances, I am of theopinion that it is not reasonable to conclude from this cross-examination that Jayawardene had no personal knowledge ofthe matters he had deposed to in the affidavit, and to refuseto consider the contents thereof in deciding the case at hand.I hold that the learned Commercial High Court Judge had nojustification for the rejection of the affidavit of the affidavit inthis manner.
I have at the commencement of this judgment summarizedthe facts admitted by the parties at the trial, and also sum-marized the primary issues regarding which the parties wereat variance, and in view of my finding that the CommercialHigh Court had no justification in law for rejecting the affidavitof Jayawardene or any of the documents tendered with thesaid affidavit, the question arises as to whether if the rejectedevidence had been received, the ultimate decision of theCommercial High Court would have been different. This is a
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very material consideration particularly in the light of Section167 of the Evidence Ordinance, which provides that –
“The improper admission or rejection of evidence shallnot be ground of itself for a new trial or reversal of anydecisions in any case, if it shall appear to the court beforewhich such objection is raised that, independently of theevidence objected to and admitted, there was sufficientevidence to justify the decision, or that, if the rejectedevidence had been received, it ought not to have variedthe decision.”
Having examined the recorded admissions, the issues, aswell as the documents marked A1 to A52, I am clearly of theopinion that had the learned Commercial High Court Judgetaken the said documents into consideration, there was astrong likelihood that the Court would not have dismissedthe application of the Appellant and would have granted oneor more of the relief prayed for by the Appellant. I hastento add that this is a view formed by me without the benefitof submissions of Counsel on the questions of intellectualproperty rights that arise in this case, and that therefore theCommercial High Court is free to arrive at its findings on theissues already raised, if they are adopted without objection,or on fresh issues that may be formulated by Court, at a freshtrial, For the aforesaid reasons, I am of the opinion that thiscase should be remitted to the commercial High Court forfresh trial.
Before parting with this judgment, I wish to add thatalthough Notice of Appeal and Petition of Appeal in this casewere issued respectively on 5th November 1999 and 17thDecember 1999, and the matter was first fixed for hearing
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in the Supreme Court on 1st August 2003, argument hasthereafter been repeatedly postponed in view of the submissionmade by learned President’s Counsel for the Appellant,without any objection from the learned Counsel for BrookBonds, that the outcome of the appeal then pending in theCourt of Appeal in C.A. Appeal No. 961/91 (F), which arosefrom Brooke Bond’s action against Akbar Brothers Exporters(Pvt) Ltd., would have a bearing on this appeal. However, therehas been no intimation to this Court of the outcome of thesaid case, and the findings of the Court of Appeal in the saidcase could not be taken into consideration in determiningthis appeal.
Accordingly, I make order setting aside the judgement ofthe Commercial High Court of Colombo dated 22nd October1999 and remitting the case back for fresh trial. I awardto the Appellant a sum of Rs. 15,000 as the costs of thisappeal.
BANDARANAYAKA, J. – I agree.
BALAPATABENDI, J. – I agree.
appeal allowed.
Trial de Novo ordered.